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The history of Pomerania, an area in modern-day Germany and Poland, dates back more than 10,000 years. The name ''Pomerania'' comes from Slavic ''po more'', which means ''Land at the Sea''.〔(''Der Name Pommern (po more) ist slawischer Herkunft und bedeutet so viel wie „Land am Meer“.'' ) (Pommersches Landesmuseum, German)〕 Settlement in the area started by the end of the Vistula Glacial Stage, about 13,000 years ago.〔 Archeological traces have been found of various cultures during the Stone and Bronze Age, of Veneti and Germanic peoples during the Iron Age and, in the Middle Ages, Slavic tribes and Vikings.〔RGA 25 (2004), p.422〕〔From the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands, Current Results and Trends - THOMAS TERBERGER. From: Across the western Baltic, edited by: Keld Møller Hansen & Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, 2006, ISBN 87-983097-5-7, Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer Vol. 1 ()〕〔Piskorski (1999), pp.18ff 6〕〔Horst Wernicke, ''Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt'', Helms, 2000, pp.16ff, ISBN 3-931185-56-7〕〔A. W. R. Whittle, Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.198, ISBN 0-521-44920-0〕〔Buchholz (1999), pp.22,23〕〔Herrmann (1985), pp.237ff,244ff〕 Starting in the 10th century, Piast Poland on several occasions acquired parts of the region from the southeast, while the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark augmented their territory from the west and north.〔Herrmann (1985), pp.261,345ff〕〔Piskorski (1999), p.32 :pagan reaction of 1005〕〔Buchholz (1999), p.25: pagan uprising that also ended the Polish suzerainty in 1005〕〔A. P. Vlasto, ''Entry of Slavs Christendom'', CUP Archive, 1970, p.129, ISBN 0-521-07459-2: abandoned 1004 - 1005 in face of violent opposition〕〔Nora Berend, ''Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900-1200'', Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, ISBN 0-521-87616-8, ISBN 978-0-521-87616-2〕〔David Warner, ''Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg'', Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, ISBN 0-7190-4926-1, ISBN 978-0-7190-4926-2〕〔Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, ''Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen"'', Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, ISBN 3-05-003749-0, ISBN 978-3-05-003749-3〕 In the High Middle Ages, the area became Christian and was ruled by local dukes of the House of Pomerania and the Samborides, at various times vassals of Denmark, the Holy Roman Empire and Poland.〔Addison (2003), pp.57ff〕〔Piskorski (1999), pp.35ff〕〔Theologische Realenzyklopädie (1997), pp.40ff〕 From the late 12th century, the Griffin Duchy of Pomerania stayed with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Rugia with Denmark, while Denmark, Brandenburg, Poland and the Teutonic Knights struggled for control in Samboride Pomerelia.〔〔Buchholz (1999), p.34ff,87,103〕〔Piskorski (1999), p.43〕 The Teutonic Knights succeeded in annexing Pomerelia to their monastic state in the early 14th century. Meanwhile, the Ostsiedlung started to turn Pomerania into a German-settled area; the remaining Wends, who became known as Slovincians and Kashubians, continued to settle within the rural East.〔Piskorski (1999), pp.77ff〕〔Buchholz (1999), pp.45ff〕 In 1325 the line of the princes of Rugia (Rügen) died out, and the principality was inherited by House of Pomerania,〔 themselves involved in the Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict about superiority in their often internally divided duchy. In 1466, with the Teutonic Order's defeat, Pomerelia became subject to the Polish Crown as a part of Royal Prussia.〔 While the Duchy of Pomerania adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1534,〔Buchholz (1999), pp.205–212〕〔Richard du Moulin Eckart, ''Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten'', Georg Olms Verlag, 1976, pp.111,112, ISBN 3-487-06078-7〕〔Theologische Realenzyklopädie (1997), pp.43ff〕 Kashubia remained with the Roman Catholic Church. The Thirty Years' and subsequent wars severely ravaged and depopulated most of Pomerania.〔Buchholz (1999), pp.263,332,341–343,352–354〕 With the extinction of the Griffin house during the same period, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648. Prussia gained the southern parts of Swedish Pomerania in 1720.〔Buchholz (1999), pp.341-343〕 It gained the remainder of Swedish Pomerania in 1815, when French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars was lifted.〔Buchholz (1999), pp.363,364〕 The former Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania and the former Swedish parts were reorganized into the Prussian Province of Pomerania,〔Buchholz (1999), p.366〕 while Pomerelia in the partitions of Poland was made part of the Province of West Prussia. With Prussia, both provinces joined the newly constituted German Empire in 1871. Following the empire's defeat in World War I, Pomerelia became part of the Second Polish Republic (Polish Corridor) and the Free City of Danzig was created. Germany's Province of Pomerania was expanded in 1938 to include northern parts of the former Province of Posen–West Prussia, and in 1939 the annexed Polish territories became the part of Nazi Germany known as Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis deported the Pomeranian Jews to a reservation near Lublin〔Lucie Adelsberger, Arthur Joseph Slavin, Susan H. Ray, Deborah E. Lipstadt, ''Auschwitz: A Doctor's Story'', Northeastern University Press, 1995, ISBN 1-55553-233-0, p.138: February 12/13, 1940〕〔Isaiah Trunk, Jacob Robinson, ''Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation'', U of Nebraska Press, 1996, ISBN 0-8032-9428-X, p.133: February 14, 1940; unheated wagons, elderly and sick suffered most, inhumane treatment〕〔Martin Gilbert, Eilert Herms, Alexandra Riebe, ''Geistliche als Retter - auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust: Auch eine Lehre aus dem Holocaust'', Mohr Siebeck, 2003, ISBN 3-16-148229-8, pp.14 (English) and 15 (German): February 15, 1940, 1000 Jews deported〕〔Yad Vashem Studies, Yad ṿa-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Shoʼah ṿela-gevurah, Yad Vashem Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1996 Notizen: v.12, p.69: 1,200 deported, 250 died during deportation〕〔Nathan Stoltzfus, ''Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany'', Rutgers University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8135-2909-3, p.130: February 11/12 from Stettin, soon thereafter from Schneidemühl, total of 1,260 Jews deported, among the deportees were intermarried non-Jewish women who had refused to divorce, eager Nazi Gauleiter Schwede-Coburg was the first to have his Gau "judenfrei", Eichmann's "RSHA" (Reich Security Main Office) ensured this was an isolated local incident to worried Eppstein of the Central Organization of Jews in Germany (Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland)〕〔John Mendelsohn, ''Legalizing the Holocaust, the Later Phase, 1939-1943'', Garland Pub., 1982, ISBN 0-8240-4876-8, p.131: Stettin Jews' houses were sealed, belongings liquidated, funds to be held in blocked accounts〕〔Buchholz (1999) , p.506: Only very few (the Pomeranian Jews ) survived the Nazi era. p.510: Nearly all Jews from Stettin and all the province, about a thousand〕〔Alicia Nitecki, Jack Terry, ''Jakub's World: A Boy's Story of Loss and Survival in the Holocaust'', SUNY Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7914-6407-5, pp.13ff: Stettin Jews to Belzyce in Lublin area, reservation purpose decline of Jews, terror command of Kurt Engels, shocking insights in life circumstances〕 and mass-murdered Jews, Poles and Kashubians in Pomerania, planning to eventually exterminate Jews and Poles and Germanise the Kashubians. After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the German–Polish border was shifted west to the Oder–Neisse line and all of Pomerania was placed under Soviet military control.〔〔Piskorski (1999), pp.373ff〕 The area west of the line became part of East Germany, the other areas part of the People's Republic of Poland. The German population of the areas east of the line was expelled, and the area was resettled primarily with Poles (some themselves expellees from former eastern Poland) and some Ukrainians (resettled under Operation Vistula) and Jews.〔Piskorski (1999), pp.381ff〕〔Tomasz Kamusella in Prauser and Reeds (eds), ''The Expulsion of the German communities from Eastern Europe'', p.28, EUI HEC 2004/1 ()〕〔Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, ''Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948'', 2001, p.114, ISBN 0-7425-1094-8, ISBN 978-0-7425-1094-4〕〔Gregor Thum, ''Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945", 2006, pp.363, ISBN 3-570-55017-6, ISBN 978-3-570-55017-5〕〔Buchholz (1999), p.515〕〔(Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, ''Geglückte Integration?'', p142 )〕〔Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, ''Poland and the European Union'', 2000, p.168, ISBN 0-415-23885-4〕〔Piskorski (1999), p.406〕〔Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, ''Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period'', pp.283-284, 1992, ISBN 0-7146-3413-1, ISBN 978-0-7146-3413-5〕 Most of Western Pomerania (''Vorpommern'') today forms the eastern part of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Federal Republic of Germany, while the Polish part of the region is divided between West Pomeranian Voivodeship and Pomeranian Voivodeship, with their capitals in Szczecin and Gdańsk, respectively. During the late 1980s, the Solidarność and Die Wende movements overthrew the Communist regimes implemented during the post-war era . Since then, Pomerania has been democratically governed. == Prehistory and antiquity == (詳細はglaciers of the Vistula Glacial Stage retreated from Pomerania during the Allerød oscillation,〔 a warming period that falls within the Early Stone Age, they left a tundra. First humans appeared, hunting reindeer in the summer.〔Piskorski (1999), pp.16,17〕 A climate change in 8000 BC〔Piskorski (1999), p.17〕 allowed hunters and foragers of the Maglemosian culture,〔 and from 6000 BC of the Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture, to continuously inhabit the area.〔 These people became influenced by farmers of the Linear Pottery culture who settled in southern Pomerania.〔〔 The hunters of the Ertebølle-Ellerbek culture became farmers of the Funnelbeaker culture in 3000 BC.〔〔 The Havelland culture dominated in the Uckermark from 2500 to 2000 BC.〔 In 2400 BC, the Corded Ware culture reached Pomerania〔〔 and introduced the domestic horse.〔 Both Linear Pottery and Corded Ware culture have been associated with Indo-Europeans.〔 Except for Western Pomerania,〔 the Funnelbeaker culture was replaced by the Globular Amphora culture a thousand years later.〔Piskorski (1999), p.19〕 During the Bronze Age, Western Pomerania was part of the Nordic Bronze Age cultures, while east of the Oder the Lusatian culture dominated.〔 Throughout the Iron Age, the people of the western Pomeranian areas belonged to the Jastorf culture,〔〔 while the Lusatian culture of the East was succeeded by the Pomeranian culture,〔 then in 150 BC by the Oxhöft (Oksywie) culture, and at the beginning of the first millennium by the Willenberg (Wielbark) Culture.〔 While the Jastorf culture is usually associated with Germanic peoples,〔 the ethnic category of the Lusatian culture and its successors is debated.〔 Veneti, Germanic peoples (Goths, Rugians, and Gepids) and possibly Slavs are assumed to have been the bearers of these cultures or parts thereof.〔Piskorski (1999), pp.21ff 6〕 Beginning in the 3rd century, many settlements were abandoned,〔 marking the beginning of the Migration Period in Pomerania. It is assumed that Burgundians, Goths and Gepids with parts of the Rugians left Pomerania during that stage, while some Veneti, Vidivarii and other, Germanic groups remained,〔RGA 23 (2003), p.282〕 and formed the Gustow, Debczyn and late Willenberg cultures, which existed in Pomerania until the 6th century.〔RGA 23 (2003), p.281〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Pomerania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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